Sec 3 WB 7.2 Answer

Question (1)(a)
X: Headland
Y: Bay

Question (1)(b)
Headlands and bays are formed by wave erosion where the coast is made of alternating bands of resistant rocks and less resistant rocks. The different rates of erosion on the rocks by the waves cause the coast to be eroded unevenly. The areas made up of less resistant rocks are eroded by the waves to form bays while the areas with more resistant rocks will protrude into the sea to form headlands.

Sec 3 WB 7.1 Answer

Question (1)(a)
Strength of wind and fetch affect the size of waves.
The stronger the wind, the larger the size of the waves.
The longer the distance over which wind blows across open water, the larger the size of the waves.

Question (1)(b)
As the waves approach the shore, they will experience friction with the increasingly shallow sea bed. The waves lose energy and slow down.
However, the waves behind cause the waves infront to steepen.
When the waves become too steep, they will collapse and break to form a swash.
Gravity pulls the waves back into the sea, forming a backwash on the beach.

Question (2)
When waves reach the shore at an angle, the swash carries the sediments up onto the coast at the same angle. The backwash then carries the sediments back to the sea at a right angle to the coast due to the pull of gravity. This motion is repeated and gives rise to a zig-zag movement of sediments along the coast, known as the longshore drift.

Question (3)
The waves are acting mainly as an agent of deposition because the photograph shows small waves breaking on a genly sloping beach.

Sec 3 WB 6.3 Answer

Question 1
In the upper course of the river where the gradient of the land is steep, the river flows quickly, resulting in vertical erosion. This causes the channel to deepen and to form a steep-sided V-shaped valley.
In the lower course of the river, the gradient of the land is gentler while the volume of water in the river is higher. This leads to an increase in the energy of the river, causing the river to erode horizontally rather than vertically. Lateral erosion in the lower course of the river causes the channel to widen and form a broad and flat-floored valley.

Question 2(a)
C: Owbow Lake
D: Meander

Question 2(b)
Constant erosion along the outer banks of the meander leads to the development of a loop. Over time, the loop becomes more pronounced and is separated by a narrow neck of land. Continual erosion and deposition cut off the loop from the main river, resulting in cut-off.
The sediments deposited eventually dam up the water in the cut-off and seal up the ends of the meander to form an oxbow lake.

Question 3(a)
Photo B shows a gorge.

Question 3(b)
When a river flows through an area with resistant rocks by its sides, it can only erode its channel vertically. Over time, a deep, narrow and steep-sided valley/ gorge is formed.

Question 4
Both are depositional landforms.
The rivers that form both landforms carry a heavy load of sediments.

Question 5
Erosion plays an important role in the formation of th waterfall shown in Fig.3, where the waterfall is formed through the erosion of rocks of different resistance.
Fig. 4 shows the formation of a waterfall as a result of faulting, or the displacement of rocks. When a river flows down from the edge of the uplifted block, a waterfall is formed.

Swash... Backwash...

For students taking Upper Secondary Elective Geography...

Look what I found! Following the ... Link.

All the best!

Underground Farms... Impossible?

I am so excited about this! Imagine growing vegetables and flowers underground; right at the basement of high-rise office buildings, in the middle of overcrowded cities!
Of course, we'll have to look into issues of power consumption and economic-viability. In the mean time, feast on this - Pasona O2!

[Official Japanese website: Pasona O2 If any of you are able to read Japanese please come and see me. I'll pay you to do some translation work! Haha...]

[Note to self: Must convince husband to visit this fantastic farm!]