Sec 3 WB 7.2 Answer

Question (1)(a)
X: Headland
Y: Bay

Question (1)(b)
Headlands and bays are formed by wave erosion where the coast is made of alternating bands of resistant rocks and less resistant rocks. The different rates of erosion on the rocks by the waves cause the coast to be eroded unevenly. The areas made up of less resistant rocks are eroded by the waves to form bays while the areas with more resistant rocks will protrude into the sea to form headlands.

Sec 3 WB 7.1 Answer

Question (1)(a)
Strength of wind and fetch affect the size of waves.
The stronger the wind, the larger the size of the waves.
The longer the distance over which wind blows across open water, the larger the size of the waves.

Question (1)(b)
As the waves approach the shore, they will experience friction with the increasingly shallow sea bed. The waves lose energy and slow down.
However, the waves behind cause the waves infront to steepen.
When the waves become too steep, they will collapse and break to form a swash.
Gravity pulls the waves back into the sea, forming a backwash on the beach.

Question (2)
When waves reach the shore at an angle, the swash carries the sediments up onto the coast at the same angle. The backwash then carries the sediments back to the sea at a right angle to the coast due to the pull of gravity. This motion is repeated and gives rise to a zig-zag movement of sediments along the coast, known as the longshore drift.

Question (3)
The waves are acting mainly as an agent of deposition because the photograph shows small waves breaking on a genly sloping beach.

Sec 3 WB 6.3 Answer

Question 1
In the upper course of the river where the gradient of the land is steep, the river flows quickly, resulting in vertical erosion. This causes the channel to deepen and to form a steep-sided V-shaped valley.
In the lower course of the river, the gradient of the land is gentler while the volume of water in the river is higher. This leads to an increase in the energy of the river, causing the river to erode horizontally rather than vertically. Lateral erosion in the lower course of the river causes the channel to widen and form a broad and flat-floored valley.

Question 2(a)
C: Owbow Lake
D: Meander

Question 2(b)
Constant erosion along the outer banks of the meander leads to the development of a loop. Over time, the loop becomes more pronounced and is separated by a narrow neck of land. Continual erosion and deposition cut off the loop from the main river, resulting in cut-off.
The sediments deposited eventually dam up the water in the cut-off and seal up the ends of the meander to form an oxbow lake.

Question 3(a)
Photo B shows a gorge.

Question 3(b)
When a river flows through an area with resistant rocks by its sides, it can only erode its channel vertically. Over time, a deep, narrow and steep-sided valley/ gorge is formed.

Question 4
Both are depositional landforms.
The rivers that form both landforms carry a heavy load of sediments.

Question 5
Erosion plays an important role in the formation of th waterfall shown in Fig.3, where the waterfall is formed through the erosion of rocks of different resistance.
Fig. 4 shows the formation of a waterfall as a result of faulting, or the displacement of rocks. When a river flows down from the edge of the uplifted block, a waterfall is formed.

Sec 1 WB 8.3 Answer

Question 2(a)
In the foreground, we can see a van covered with ash. The hot volcanic ash could damage vehicles.
The air is clouded with ash and smoke. This would make driving difficult for motorists.
The ash and smoke could remain in the air for a long time, causing people to fall sick.

Question 2(b)
Volcanic soils are fertile and suitable for growing crops.
A volcano is a tourist attraction and the locals can earn a living as tour guides.

Question 2(c)
Emergence transport would be made available to help people flee the area in case of a volcanic eruption.
A warning system could be set up and people can be warned and evacuated.

Sec 1 WB 8.2 Answer

Question 2(b)
The area along the "Pacific Ring of Fire" has the most number of active volcanoes.

Question 2(c)
The "Pacific Ring of Fire" lies on the plate boundaries where crustal movements are the most active.

Sec 1 WB 8.1 Answer

Express and Normal (A)

Question 1
Valley - A low area of land between hills and mountains.
Hill - An area of high ground, usually less than 600m high. Often has gentle slopes and rounded in shape.
Mountain - An area of high ground, usually 600m high. Often has steep slopes and a narrow top or peak.
Plateau - A raised area of land with a fairly flat top and steep slopes.
Plain - A broad, low and flat area of the Earth's surface.

Question 2(a)
1) Core
2) Mantle
3) Crust
4) Plates
5) Mountain
6) Folding
7) Magma
8) Lava
9) Vulcanicity
10) Eruption
11) Volcano

Question 2(b)
A - Core
B - Mantle
C - Crust

Question 2(c)(ii)
When the temperature beneath the Earth's surface becomes too great, parts of the mantle melts. This molten mantle is known as magma.
When magma pushes its way onto the Earth's surface through cracks in the Earth's crust, it is known as lava. The outpouring of lava onto the surrounding area is called an eruption.
Over time, many layers of cooled lava result in a volcano.

Question 3(a)
Folding

Question 3(b)
The plates which make up the Earth's curst are always moving. When two plates collide into each other, some layers of rock which make up the crust buckle and form folds.

For Express students only
Question 3(c)
Fold mountains

Sec 2 WB 7.5 Answer

Express
* NA students please scroll down

Question 1(a)
Flat strips of land have been created by cutting steps into hill slopes. This method, known as terracing, has made it possible to grow rice on hill slopes. This maximises the land for farming.

Question 1(b)
Terraces are difficult to construct and a lot of human energy and time are needed to cut steps into hill slopes.
A lot of effort is also required to maintain the terraces after they are constructed.

Question 1(c)
Irrigation can be used to make the land arable. Water can be channelled through irrigation pipes from various water sources, such as river and a lake, to places that receive insufficient rainfall.

Question 2(a)
Vegetables are grown on soil using traditional methods in Vietnam whereas vegetables are grown using the soil-less method in Singapore.
The method of cultivating vegetables in Vietnam takes up more land compared to the method used in Singapore.

Question 2(b)
As land is scarce in Singapore, growing vegetables using the soil-less method frees up land for other purposes.
Growing vegetables using the soil-less method under controlled conditions increases the output of crops.

Normal (A)
Question 1(a)
(i) Terracing
(ii) Flat strips of land have been created by cutting steps into the hill slopes.

Question 1(b)
Terraces are difficult to construct and a lot of human energy and time are needed to cut steps into the hill slopes.
A lot of effort is also required to maintain the terraces after they are constructed.

Question 1(c)
Irrigation can be used to make land arable. Water can be channelled through irrigation pipes from various water sources, such as river or a lake, to places that receive insufficient rainfall.

Question 2(a)
Vegetables are grown on soil using traditional methods in Vietnam whereas vegetables are grown using the soil-less method in Singapore.
The method of cultivating vegetables in Vietnam takes up more land compared to the method used in Singapore.

Question 2(b)
As land is scarce in Singapore, growing vegetables using the soil-less method frees up land for other purposes.
Growing vegetables using the soil-less method under controlled conditions increases the output of crops.

Sec 2 WB 7.4 Answer

Express and Normal (A)

Bubble #1
A mixed landuse project combines shopping malls, offices, houses and hotels in one area. The various landuse are closely packed in a small area and linked by pedestrian walkways and escalators.

Bubble #2
People can enjoy the convenience of having their homes, jobs, and a wide range of services within the same area. Mixed landuse projects also allow for the land to meet the needs of more users.

Express
*NA Students please scroll down

Question 2(a)
Photograph A. It shows that landuse in the urban has been maximised as there are many people living per unit area in this type of housing.

Question 2(b)
Frees up scarce land for other landuse such as nature or military training.
Helps to reduce the rate at which remaining green spaces are developed.

Question 2(c)
The crowded environment, traffic congestion and higher noise levels in high density areas may lead to increased stress levels among people.

Normal (A)
Question 2(a)
Photograph A:
Population Density is high; many people living per unit area.
Land use is maximised.

Photography B:
Populaiton Density is low; fewer people living per unit area.
Landuse if not maximised.

Question 2(b)
Photograph A. It shows that landuse in the urban area has been maximised as there are many people living per unit area in this type of housing.

Sec 2 WB 7.3 Answer

Express

Question 2(a)
Landfill method

Question 2(b)

• Current technology only allows land to be reclaimed from waters of up to 15 metres in depth.
• There is a limit to the amount of land that can be reclaimed as there is a need to reserve a certain amount of sea space for shipping activities.

Question 3(a)
Abandoned mine.

Question 3(b)
The abandoned mine which is derelict or damaged can be reclaimed.

Question 3(c)

• Land for housing because of an increasing population and high population density of 6000/km2.
• Land for industries and services because 65% of the country's income comes from these activities.
• Land for development of water supply due to the increasing population.

Question 3(d)
At A:
The natural habitat for plants and animals will be lost. This may affect the food chain and threaten the survival of animals, leading to the extinction of some plants and animal species.

At B:
The natural habitat for marine plants and animals along the coast will be destroyed.
The coral reefs may get damaged and marine life will be affected.

Sec 2 WB 7.2 Answer

Express and Normal (A)

Question 1(b)
Foreground - Vegetable Farming
Background - Housing

Question 1(c)
Due to the rapid population increase in Hong Kong, the demand for housing has increased. More flats were built or expanded to cater to this increase in demand.

Question 1(d)
These will be less land for vegetable farming and this may affect the supply of vegetables.

Question 2(a)
In a country or a city where the land area available for use is limited and the demand for land is high, there will be increased competition among users for the available land. Some users may be willing to pay a higher price for the available land and this will push up the price of the land.

Question 2(b)
Land clearance by deforestation will have a negative impact on the environment. When forests are cleared, the habitats of many plants and animals are destroyed. This can affect the entire food chain and lead to the extinction of some plant and animal species.

Sec 2 WB 4.3 Answer

Express
Qn 1(a)
Wet Rice Cultivation
Qn 1(b)
Land: Flat land with clayey soil
Capital: Money to pay for inputs such as seeds or tools
Labour: Farmers, animals (e.g. water buffaloes)
Qn 1(c)
1. B/ The padi fields are first ploughed with the help of animals. The fields are then flooded with water channelled from rivers or obtained from direct rainfall.
2. A/ Padi seeds are scattered onto the nursery where they sprout into seedlings.
3. D/ After 3 to 4 weeks, seedlings are transplanted into flooded fields. The fields are regularly weeded and fertilisers are added.
4. C/ After 3 to 4 months, the fields are drained and the padi harvested by hand using sickles.

Qn 2
Traditional Wet Rice Cultivation - F and G
Photographs F and G show a number of workers working on the fields. This suggests that the farms use low capital and high labour inputs which are characteristics of traditional wet rice cultivation.

Commercial Wet Rice Cultivation - E and H
Photographs E and H show the use of machinery (e.g. tractors and harvesters) which suggests that a large amount of capital is used on the farm to buy machines. The level of technology used is high. This is a characteristics of commercial rice cultivation.

Qn 3(a)
The climograph shows that the country has a hot and wet climate. This is idel for wet rice cultivation because rice seeds require high temperatures to grow. The high rainfall also provides abundant water to flood the fields as wet rice needs a lot of water to grow.

Qn 3(b)
Indonesia, China, India, Malaysia, Vietnam (any 3)

Normal (Academic)
Qn 1(a)
Wet Rice Cultivation
Qn 1(b)
Land: Flat land with clayey soil
Capital: Money to pay for inputs such as seeds or tools
Labour: Farmers, animals (e.g. water buffaloes)
Qn 1(c)
2. A/ Padi seeds are scattered onto the nursery where they sprout into seedlings.
3. D/ After 3 to 4 weeks, seedlings are transplanted into flooded fields. The fields are regularly weeded and fertilisers are added.
4. C/ After 3 to 4 months, the fields are drained and the padi harvested by hand using sickles.

Qn 2
In photograph E, we can see that machinery such as combine harvesters are used for harvesting today.
In photograph F, pesticides are used to help farmers produce high quality rice.
In photograph G, canals are built to carry water from water sources such as rivers to the fields.

Sec 2 WB 2.4 Answer

Normal Academic (pg. 14)
Express stream students please scroll down.

Qn 1(a)(i)
Fig. 1

Qn 1(a)(ii)
Country X has a low rate of population growth

Qn 1(b)

• In countries with high standards of hygiene, there is clean food, water and air. Therefore, pople are less prone to contracting diseases (such as cholera).
• In countries where the people enjoy higher levels of income, they have better nutrition, as they are able to buy sufficient food and water. This enables people to live longer and healthier lives.
• In countries which have good medical and health care systems, vaccinations are provided to prevent diseases and well trained doctors provide good health care. Therefore, people are able to enjoy longer and healthier lives.

(Choose any two)

Qn 1(c)
People who marry later have children later in their lives. This leads to fewer children being produced as the childbearing years for women are reduced.

Qn 1(d)(i)
Incentives such as tax rebates are given to women who have children when they are younger. The government has also opened up more child care centres to help parents look after their children while they are at work.

Qn 1(d)(ii)
Singapore will have more elderly people and experience an ageing population.
There is likely to be a smaller number of people who are working. This means that the government will have to increase taxes for each working person in order to fund public projects.


Express Stream

Qn 1(a)

• In countries with high standards of hygiene, there is clean food, water and air. Therefore, pople are less prone to contracting diseases (such as cholera).
• In countries where the people enjoy higher levels of income, they have better nutrition, as they are able to buy sufficient food and water. This enables people to live longer and healthier lives.
• In countries which have good medical and health care systems, vaccinations are provided to prevent diseases and well trained doctors provide good health care. Therefore, people are able to enjoy longer and healthier lives.

(Choose any two)

Qn 1(b)
People who marry later have children later in their lives. This leads to fewer children being produced as the childbearing years for women are reduced.

Qn 1(c)
More women are working and find it difficult to balance work and family. Thuis, they choose to have fewer children. The high cost of raising children has also discouraged people from having more children.

Qn 1(d)(i)
Incentives such as tax rebates are given to women who have children when they are younger. The government has also opened up more child care centres to help parents look after their children while they are at work.

Qn 1(d)(ii)

• Singapore will have a growing percentage of elderly persons compared to young people, thus will experience an aging population.
• There is likely to be a smaller number of people who are working. This means that the government will have to increase taxes for each working person in order to fund public projects.
• With an ageing population, there will be a smaller talent pool with fewer people to lead and serve the country.

Sec 1 WB 5.3 Answer

Qn (a)
1cm represents 500m (or 1cm represents 0.5km)

Qn (b)
Express: A steep-sided hill and a river flowing down a valley.
NA: 50m

Qn (c)
Northeast

Qn (d)
739211

Qn (e)
3.3cm X 500 = 1650m or 1.65km

Qn (f)
omit

Qn (g)
Rubber is widely grown in the areas east of River Kingston.

Qn (h)
This area is swampy, hence it is not suitable for growing crops or building houses and roads.

Sec 1 WB 5.2 Answer

For Normal Academic (pg. 27)
Express steam students please stroll down.

Fig. 1
A hill with steep slopes.
The contours are very close together. The highest point is about 450m.

Fig. 2
A plain (like an open field)
The contours are very far apart.

Fig. 3
A conical hill (like a cone)
The contour lines are wide apart and circular. The highest point is about 250m.
E.g. The Chocolate Hills

Qn 2(a)
A is the legend or key of the map.
B is the north arrow.
C is the scale of the map.

Qn 2(b)
1 cm represents 500m (or 1cm represents 0.5km)

Qn 2(c)
5747

Qn 2(d)
Above 1050m

Qn 2(e)
omit

Qn 2(f)
5.4cm X 500 = 2700m or 2.7km

Qn 2(g)
575444

Qn 2(h)
Many houses are built on the east side of the river. There is also a mountain in the northwest direction.

Qn 2(i)
He would face a steep slope. It is indicated by the closely spaced contour lines.


For Express Stream (pg. 26)
Qn 1(a)
A is the legend or key of the map.
B is the north arrow.
C is the scale of the map.

Qn 1(b)
1 cm represents 500m (or 1cm represents 0.5km)

Qn 1(c)
5747

Qn 1(d)
Above 1050m

Qn 1(e)
omit

Qn 1(f)
800m

Qn 1(g)
575444

Qn 1(h)
Many houses are built on the east side of the river. There is also a mountain in the northwest direction.

Qn 1(i)
He would face a steep slope. It is indicated by the closely spaced contour lines.

Qn 1(j)
565462

Sec 1 WB 5.1 Answer

For Express and Normal Academic

Qn 1(a)
2.8cm X 100m = 280m

Qn 1(b)
Southwest

Qn 1(c)
omit

Qn 2(a)
1cm represents 500m

Qn 2(b)
omit; find instead the straight line between C and D.
8.1cm X 500m = 4050m

Sec 2 WB 2.4 Answer

* NA students, please read through these answers as they are also applicable to your worksheet.

Express

Qn 1(a)
In countries with high standards of hygiene, there is clean food, water and air. Therefore people are less prone to contracting diseases.
In countries where the people enjoy higher levels of income, they have better nutrition, as they are able to buy sufficient food and water. This enables people to live longer and healthies lives.
In countries which have good medical and health care systems, vaccinations are provided to prevent diseases and well-trained doctors provide good health care. Therefore, people are able to enjoy longer and healthier lives.
(Any 2 of these answers)

Qn 1(b)
People who marry later have children later in their lives. This leads to fewer children being produced as the childbearing years for women are reduced.

Qn 1(c)
More women are working and find it difficult to balance work and family. This, they choose to have fewer children. The high cost of raising children has also discouraged people from having more children.

Qn 1(d)(i)
Incentives such as tax rebates are given to women who have children when they are younger. The government has also opened up more childcare centres to help parents look after their children while they are at work.

Qn 1(d)(ii)
Singapore will have a growing percentage of elderly persons compared to young people, thus will experience an ageing population.
There is likely to be a smaller number of people who are working. This means that the government will have to increase taxes for each working person in order to fund public projects.
With an ageing population, there will be a smaller talent pool with fewer people to lead and serve the country.
(Any 2 of these answers)

Sec 2 WB 2.3 Answer

* NA students, please read through these answers as they are also applicable to your worksheet.

Express

Qn 1(a)
Yes. Malawi probably experiences a high rate of population growth because the photograph shows a large family comprising five children.

Qn 1(b)

• The family size tends to be large as many couples marry at an early age. This increases the number of years that women have for childbearing.
• When many couples lack knowledge on family planning, they end up having many children and thus have larger families.

Qn 1(c)
High birth rate and low death rate

Qn 1(d)
Shortage of jobs, shortage of education, shortage of housing, shortage of resources, environmental problems due to increased waste production

Qn 1(e)
Education on family planning - In Bangladesh, family planning advice is given to people living in rural areas.
Incentives and penalties - In China, incentives and penalties are given out through the 'one child' policy to control the population growth.

please note: Common Test questions will definitely be more demanding than the ones found in your workbook.

Sec 1 WB 2.2 Answer

Qn 1(a)
A: Trees are cut down.
B: Factories that give out a lot of smoke are built.
C: Modern buildings are built.
D: Crops/ Vegetables are planted by people.

Qn 1(b)
By cutting down the trees, the natural habitats of animals are destroyed and the animals may become extinct. (A)
The air becomes polluted. (B)
By constructing buildings, people have changed the physical environment and turned it into a human environment. (C)
The original plants have been removed. (D)

Qn 1(c)
We should be concerned especially if these activities affect the environment negatively. For example, polluted air can make people ill and a loss of trees means a loss of natural habitats.

Qn 1(d) (for express)
A large pit has been dug and a truck is dumping waste into it.

Sec 2 WB 2.2 Answer

Express & Normal Academic

Qn 1(b)
Population density refers to the number of people living in a particular area. It is usually expressed in terms of the number of people per sq kilometre of the land.

Qn 1(c)
These areas have fertile soil.
The climate is not harsh.
There are fresh water resources available.

Qn 1(d)(i) Country with high population density
Singapore
Physical Environment: The climate is not harsh.
Level of Technology: There are well developed transport and communication facilities.
Other factors: There is a high level of development with various economic activities such as manufacturing and tourism.

Bangladesh
Physical Environment: There is an abundant supply of flat and fertile land.
Level of Technology: There are well developed transport and communication facilities.
Other factors: The main economic activity is farming which requires much labour.

Netherlands
Physical Environment: There is an abundant supply of water.
Level of Technology: There are well developed transport and communication facilities.
Other factors: The vibrant city culture has attracted people to live there.

Qn 1(d)(ii) Country with low population density
Greenland
Physical Environment: The climate is harsh or too cold.
Level of Technology: There are limited medical facilities.
Other factors: The place is isolated from the rest of the world. There is a low level of manufacturing.

Nepal
Physical Environment: There are high mountains and infertile soil.
Level of Technology: Amenities such as electrical supply and piped water supply are not widely available.
Other factors: There is a low level of economic development and few jobs are available.

Papua New Guinea
Physical Environment: There are large areas of thick rainforest.
Level of Technology: The transport and communications facilities are not well developed.
Other factors: There is a low level of economic development and few jobs are available.

Qn 2 Photo A
Low population density: In the desert, the hot and dry conditions are unsuitable for living and farming.
Qn 2 Photo B
High population density: Many people live near a river because it provides them with a supply of fresh water.
Qn 2 Photo C
High population density: Many people live in cities as the advances in technology have provided them with comfortable living environments.

Sec 2 WB 2.1 Answer

Express (pg 5) (for Normal Academic students, pls scroll down)

Qn 1(a) 4.4 Billion

Qn 1(b) 8.2 Billion

Qn 1(c)
The world population increased slowly from 1830 to 1900 as shown by the gentle slop of the graph. Population increased from 1 billion to 2 billion.
Population increased more rapidly from 1900 to 1930. A rapid increase in the world's population occurred between 1930 and 1960 as shown by the steep slope of the graph. It increased from 2 billion to 3 billion.
Between 1960 and 2025, a very rapid increase in the world's population is expected. It is expected to increase to 8.2 billion people by the year 2025.

Qn 1(d)(i) The two continents are Asia and Africa

Qn 1(d)(ii) Rise in birth rate and fall in death rate

Qn 1(e)(i)
Rate of natural increase
= Birth Rate - Death Rate
= 36 - 25
= 11 per 1000 people

Qn 1(e)(ii) Positive

Qn 1(f) Their rate of natural increase is likely to be positive.


Normal Academic (pg 5)

Qn 1(a) 4.4 Billion

Qn 1(b) 8.2 Billion

Qn 1(c)(i)
The world population increased slowly from 1830 to 1900. The gentle slop of the graph shows this slow increase from . Population increased from 1 billion to 2 billion people.
Qn 1(c)(ii)
A rapid increase in the world's population occurred between 1930 and1960. The steep slope of the graph shows the rapid increase from 2 billion to 3 billion people.
Qn 1(c)(iii)
Between 1960 and 2025, a very rapid increase in the world's population is expected. The world population is estimated to reach 8.2 billion people by the year 2025.

Qn 1(d)(i) The two continents are Asia and Africa

Qn 1(d)(ii) Rise in birth rate and fall in death rate

Qn 1(e)(i)
Rate of natural increase
= Birth Rate - Death Rate
= 36 - 25
= 11 per 1000 people

Qn 1(e)(ii) Positive

Qn 1(f) Their rate of natural increase is likely to be positive.